Mounting the root filesystem via NFS (nfsroot)
===============================================

Written 1996 by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>
Updated 1997 by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>
Updated 2006 by Nico Schottelius <nico-kernel-nfsroot@schottelius.org>
Updated 2006 by Horms <horms@verge.net.au>
Updated 2018 by Chris Novakovic <chris@chrisn.me.uk>


In order to use a diskless system, such as an X-terminal or printer server
for example, it is necessary for the root filesystem to be present on a
non-disk device. This may be an initramfs (see Documentation/filesystems/
ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt), a ramdisk (see Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst) or a
filesystem mounted via NFS. The following text describes on how to use NFS
for the root filesystem. For the rest of this text 'client' means the
diskless system, and 'server' means the NFS server.


1.) Enabling nfsroot capabilities
    -----------------------------

In order to use nfsroot, NFS client support needs to be selected as
built-in during configuration. Once this has been selected, the nfsroot
option will become available, which should also be selected.

In the networking options, kernel level autoconfiguration can be selected,
along with the types of autoconfiguration to support. Selecting all of
DHCP, BOOTP and RARP is safe.


2.) Kernel command line
    -------------------

When the kernel has been loaded by a boot loader (see below) it needs to be
told what root fs device to use. And in the case of nfsroot, where to find
both the server and the name of the directory on the server to mount as root.
This can be established using the following kernel command line parameters:


root=/dev/nfs

  This is necessary to enable the pseudo-NFS-device. Note that it's not a
  real device but just a synonym to tell the kernel to use NFS instead of
  a real device.


nfsroot=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]

  If the `nfsroot' parameter is NOT given on the command line,
  the default "/tftpboot/%s" will be used.

  <server-ip>	Specifies the IP address of the NFS server.
		The default address is determined by the `ip' parameter
		(see below). This parameter allows the use of different
		servers for IP autoconfiguration and NFS.

  <root-dir>	Name of the directory on the server to mount as root.
		If there is a "%s" token in the string, it will be
		replaced by the ASCII-representation of the client's
		IP address.

  <nfs-options>	Standard NFS options. All options are separated by commas.
		The following defaults are used:
			port		= as given by server portmap daemon
			rsize		= 4096
			wsize		= 4096
			timeo		= 7
			retrans		= 3
			acregmin	= 3
			acregmax	= 60
			acdirmin	= 30
			acdirmax	= 60
			flags		= hard, nointr, noposix, cto, ac


ip=<client-ip>:<server-ip>:<gw-ip>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<device>:<autoconf>:
   <dns0-ip>:<dns1-ip>:<ntp0-ip>

  This parameter tells the kernel how to configure IP addresses of devices
  and also how to set up the IP routing table. It was originally called
  `nfsaddrs', but now the boot-time IP configuration works independently of
  NFS, so it was renamed to `ip' and the old name remained as an alias for
  compatibility reasons.

  If this parameter is missing from the kernel command line, all fields are
  assumed to be empty, and the defaults mentioned below apply. In general
  this means that the kernel tries to configure everything using
  autoconfiguration.

  The <autoconf> parameter can appear alone as the value to the `ip'
  parameter (without all the ':' characters before).  If the value is
  "ip=off" or "ip=none", no autoconfiguration will take place, otherwise
  autoconfiguration will take place.  The most common way to use this
  is "ip=dhcp".

  <client-ip>	IP address of the client.

  		Default:  Determined using autoconfiguration.

  <server-ip>	IP address of the NFS server. If RARP is used to determine
		the client address and this parameter is NOT empty only
		replies from the specified server are accepted.

		Only required for NFS root. That is autoconfiguration
		will not be triggered if it is missing and NFS root is not
		in operation.

		Value is exported to /proc/net/pnp with the prefix "bootserver "
		(see below).

		Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
		         The address of the autoconfiguration server is used.

  <gw-ip>	IP address of a gateway if the server is on a different subnet.

		Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.

  <netmask>	Netmask for local network interface. If unspecified
		the netmask is derived from the client IP address assuming
		classful addressing.

		Default:  Determined using autoconfiguration.

  <hostname>	Name of the client. If a '.' character is present, anything
		before the first '.' is used as the client's hostname, and anything
		after it is used as its NIS domain name. May be supplied by
		autoconfiguration, but its absence will not trigger autoconfiguration.
		If specified and DHCP is used, the user-provided hostname (and NIS
		domain name, if present) will be carried in the DHCP request; this
		may cause a DNS record to be created or updated for the client.

  		Default: Client IP address is used in ASCII notation.

  <device>	Name of network device to use.

		Default: If the host only has one device, it is used.
			 Otherwise the device is determined using
			 autoconfiguration. This is done by sending
			 autoconfiguration requests out of all devices,
			 and using the device that received the first reply.

  <autoconf>	Method to use for autoconfiguration. In the case of options
                which specify multiple autoconfiguration protocols,
		requests are sent using all protocols, and the first one
		to reply is used.

		Only autoconfiguration protocols that have been compiled
		into the kernel will be used, regardless of the value of
		this option.

                  off or none: don't use autoconfiguration
				(do static IP assignment instead)
		  on or any:   use any protocol available in the kernel
			       (default)
		  dhcp:        use DHCP
		  bootp:       use BOOTP
		  rarp:        use RARP
		  both:        use both BOOTP and RARP but not DHCP
		               (old option kept for backwards compatibility)

		if dhcp is used, the client identifier can be used by following
		format "ip=dhcp,client-id-type,client-id-value"

                Default: any

  <dns0-ip>	IP address of primary nameserver.
		Value is exported to /proc/net/pnp with the prefix "nameserver "
		(see below).

		Default: None if not using autoconfiguration; determined
		automatically if using autoconfiguration.

  <dns1-ip>	IP address of secondary nameserver.
		See <dns0-ip>.

  <ntp0-ip>	IP address of a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server.
		Value is exported to /proc/net/ipconfig/ntp_servers, but is
		otherwise unused (see below).

		Default: None if not using autoconfiguration; determined
		automatically if using autoconfiguration.

  After configuration (whether manual or automatic) is complete, two files
  are created in the following format; lines are omitted if their respective
  value is empty following configuration:

  - /proc/net/pnp:

	#PROTO: <DHCP|BOOTP|RARP|MANUAL>	(depending on configuration method)
	domain <dns-domain>			(if autoconfigured, the DNS domain)
	nameserver <dns0-ip>			(primary name server IP)
	nameserver <dns1-ip>			(secondary name server IP)
	nameserver <dns2-ip>			(tertiary name server IP)
	bootserver <server-ip>			(NFS server IP)

  - /proc/net/ipconfig/ntp_servers:

	<ntp0-ip>				(NTP server IP)
	<ntp1-ip>				(NTP server IP)
	<ntp2-ip>				(NTP server IP)

  <dns-domain> and <dns2-ip> (in /proc/net/pnp) and <ntp1-ip> and <ntp2-ip>
  (in /proc/net/ipconfig/ntp_servers) are requested during autoconfiguration;
  they cannot be specified as part of the "ip=" kernel command line parameter.

  Because the "domain" and "nameserver" options are recognised by DNS
  resolvers, /etc/resolv.conf is often linked to /proc/net/pnp on systems
  that use an NFS root filesystem.

  Note that the kernel will not synchronise the system time with any NTP
  servers it discovers; this is the responsibility of a user space process
  (e.g. an initrd/initramfs script that passes the IP addresses listed in
  /proc/net/ipconfig/ntp_servers to an NTP client before mounting the real
  root filesystem if it is on NFS).


nfsrootdebug

  This parameter enables debugging messages to appear in the kernel
  log at boot time so that administrators can verify that the correct
  NFS mount options, server address, and root path are passed to the
  NFS client.


rdinit=<executable file>

  To specify which file contains the program that starts system
  initialization, administrators can use this command line parameter.
  The default value of this parameter is "/init".  If the specified
  file exists and the kernel can execute it, root filesystem related
  kernel command line parameters, including `nfsroot=', are ignored.

  A description of the process of mounting the root file system can be
  found in:

    Documentation/driver-api/early-userspace/early_userspace_support.rst


3.) Boot Loader
    ----------

To get the kernel into memory different approaches can be used.
They depend on various facilities being available:


3.1)  Booting from a floppy using syslinux

	When building kernels, an easy way to create a boot floppy that uses
	syslinux is to use the zdisk or bzdisk make targets which use zimage
      	and bzimage images respectively. Both targets accept the
     	FDARGS parameter which can be used to set the kernel command line.

	e.g.
	   make bzdisk FDARGS="root=/dev/nfs"

   	Note that the user running this command will need to have
     	access to the floppy drive device, /dev/fd0

     	For more information on syslinux, including how to create bootdisks
     	for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/

	N.B: Previously it was possible to write a kernel directly to
	     a floppy using dd, configure the boot device using rdev, and
	     boot using the resulting floppy. Linux no longer supports this
	     method of booting.

3.2) Booting from a cdrom using isolinux

     	When building kernels, an easy way to create a bootable cdrom that
     	uses isolinux is to use the isoimage target which uses a bzimage
     	image. Like zdisk and bzdisk, this target accepts the FDARGS
     	parameter which can be used to set the kernel command line.

	e.g.
	  make isoimage FDARGS="root=/dev/nfs"

     	The resulting iso image will be arch/<ARCH>/boot/image.iso
     	This can be written to a cdrom using a variety of tools including
     	cdrecord.

	e.g.
	  cdrecord dev=ATAPI:1,0,0 arch/x86/boot/image.iso

     	For more information on isolinux, including how to create bootdisks
     	for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/

3.2) Using LILO
	When using LILO all the necessary command line parameters may be
	specified using the 'append=' directive in the LILO configuration
	file.

	However, to use the 'root=' directive you also need to create
	a dummy root device, which may be removed after LILO is run.

	mknod /dev/boot255 c 0 255

	For information on configuring LILO, please refer to its documentation.

3.3) Using GRUB
	When using GRUB, kernel parameter are simply appended after the kernel
	specification: kernel <kernel> <parameters>

3.4) Using loadlin
	loadlin may be used to boot Linux from a DOS command prompt without
	requiring a local hard disk to mount as root. This has not been
	thoroughly tested by the authors of this document, but in general
	it should be possible configure the kernel command line similarly
	to the configuration of LILO.

	Please refer to the loadlin documentation for further information.

3.5) Using a boot ROM
	This is probably the most elegant way of booting a diskless client.
	With a boot ROM the kernel is loaded using the TFTP protocol. The
	authors of this document are not aware of any no commercial boot
	ROMs that support booting Linux over the network. However, there
	are two free implementations of a boot ROM, netboot-nfs and
	etherboot, both of which are available on sunsite.unc.edu, and both
	of which contain everything you need to boot a diskless Linux client.

3.6) Using pxelinux
	Pxelinux may be used to boot linux using the PXE boot loader
	which is present on many modern network cards.

	When using pxelinux, the kernel image is specified using
	"kernel <relative-path-below /tftpboot>". The nfsroot parameters
	are passed to the kernel by adding them to the "append" line.
	It is common to use serial console in conjunction with pxeliunx,
	see Documentation/admin-guide/serial-console.rst for more information.

	For more information on isolinux, including how to create bootdisks
	for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/


4.) Credits
    -------

  The nfsroot code in the kernel and the RARP support have been written
  by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>.

  The rest of the IP layer autoconfiguration code has been written
  by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>.

  In order to write the initial version of nfsroot I would like to thank
  Jens-Uwe Mager <jum@anubis.han.de> for his help.